Intramuscular fat or Intramuscular triglycerides (IMTG) is located throughout skeletal muscle Skeletal muscle is a form of striated muscle tissue existing under control of the somatic nervous system. It is one of three major muscle types, the others being cardiac and smooth muscle. As its name suggests, most skeletal muscle is attached to bones by bundles of collagen fibers known as tendons and is responsible for the marbling seen in certain cuts of beef Beef is the culinary name for meat from bovines, especially domestic cattle . Beef is one of the principal meats used in the cuisine of Australia, Argentina, Europe and America, and is also important in Africa, East Asia, and Southeast Asia. Beef is considered a taboo food in some cultures: especially in Hinduism (although not strictly forbidden),. In humans, excess accumulation of intramuscular fat is associated with insulin resistance Insulin resistance is a physiological condition where the natural hormone, insulin, becomes less effective at lowering blood sugars. The resulting increase in blood glucose may raise levels outside the normal range and cause adverse health effects. Certain cell types such as fat and muscle cells require insulin to absorb glucose. When these cells and type 2 diabetes Diabetes mellitus type 2 or type 2 diabetes (formerly called non -insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus , or adult-onset diabetes) is a disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Diabetes is often initially managed by increasing exercise and dietary modification. As the. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-lipodystrophy Lipodystrophy is a medical condition characterized by abnormal or degenerative conditions of the body's adipose tissue. A more specific term, lipoatrophy is used when describing the loss of fat from one area (usually the face). This condition is also characterized by a lack of circulating leptin which may lead to osteosclerosis syndrome is associated with over-accumulation of intramuscular fat which may contribute to AIDS wasting syndrome.
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Diabetes
IMTG is known to contribute to the increase of lipid metabolites within seditary individuals, which is speculated to be a key cause of insulin resistance, leading to type 2 diabetes Diabetes mellitus type 2 or type 2 diabetes (formerly called non -insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus , or adult-onset diabetes) is a disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Diabetes is often initially managed by increasing exercise and dietary modification. As the. Athletes also have a high level of IMTG which is favorable for energy uptake via mitochondria In cell biology, a mitochondrion is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. These organelles range from 0.5 to 10 micrometers (μm) in diameter. Mitochondria are sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of. [1]
Insulin Resistance
Increased supply of adipose tissue In histology, adipose tissue or body fat or just fat is loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. It is technically composed of roughly only 80% fat; fat in its solitary state exists in the liver and muscles. Adipose tissue is derived from lipoblasts. Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and correlates with the increased accumulation of IMTG which both can lead to insulin Insulin is a hormone that is central to regulate energy and glucose metabolism in the body. Insulin causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood, storing it as glycogen in the liver and muscle resistance in the muscles. Athletes often do not exhibit this correlation as they are typically insulin sensitive while having high levels of IMTG. It is thought that the improved efficiency of trained skeletal muscles Skeletal muscle is a form of striated muscle tissue existing under control of the somatic nervous system. It is one of three major muscle types, the others being cardiac and smooth muscle. As its name suggests, most skeletal muscle is attached to bones by bundles of collagen fibers known as tendons prevents the development of insulin resistance. [2]
Exercise
"Intramuscular triacylglycerol (IMTG) represents an energy store that can be used during exercise, when it may contribute up to 20% of total energy turnover depending on diet, gender, and exercise type." [3]
It is thought that a low calorie diet and exercise induced proteins (Sterol Sterols are an important class of organic molecules. They occur naturally in plants, animals, and fungi, with the most familiar type of animal sterol being cholesterol. Cholesterol is vital to cellular function, and a precursor to fat-soluble vitamins and steroid hormones regulatory element-binding proteins) are what cause high levels of IMTG in the skeletal muscle of trained athletes. This is in contrast to the build-up of IMTG in the obese which correlates to high levels of adipose tissue. [4]
Women have been shown to use more IMTG during exercise than men which directly correlates to the higher IMTG content in women over men. [5]
References
- ^ "The Influence of Endurance Exercise Training and Sex on Intramyocellular Lipid and Mitochondrial Ultrastructure, Substrate Use, and Mitochondrial Enzyme Activity". Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. PMID A PMID is a unique number assigned to each PubMed citation of life sciences and biomedical scientific journal articles. The related Pubmed Central archive may additionally assign a separate number, a PMCID (PubMed Central Identifier), normally written with a PMC prefix 17095651.
- ^ Timmermans R, Saris W, van Loon L (2006). "[Insulin resistance: the role of intramuscular triglyceride and the importance of physical activity]". Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 150 (3): 122–7. PMID A PMID is a unique number assigned to each PubMed citation of life sciences and biomedical scientific journal articles. The related Pubmed Central archive may additionally assign a separate number, a PMCID (PubMed Central Identifier), normally written with a PMC prefix 16463611.
- ^ Roepstorff C, Vistisen B, Kiens B (2005). "Intramuscular triacylglycerol in energy metabolism during exercise in humans". Exerc Sport Sci Rev 33 (4): 182–8. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1097/00003677-200510000-00006. PMID A PMID is a unique number assigned to each PubMed citation of life sciences and biomedical scientific journal articles. The related Pubmed Central archive may additionally assign a separate number, a PMCID (PubMed Central Identifier), normally written with a PMC prefix 16239835.
- ^ Nadeau K, Ehlers L, Aguirre L, Moore R, Jew K, Ortmeyer H, Hansen B, Reusch J, Draznin B (2006). "Exercise training and calorie restriction increase SREBP-1 expression and intramuscular triglyceride in skeletal muscle". Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 291 (1): E90–8. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1152/ajpendo.00543.2005. PMID A PMID is a unique number assigned to each PubMed citation of life sciences and biomedical scientific journal articles. The related Pubmed Central archive may additionally assign a separate number, a PMCID (PubMed Central Identifier), normally written with a PMC prefix 16449296.
- ^ Roepstorff C, Donsmark M, Thiele M, Vistisen B, Stewart G, Vissing K, Schjerling P, Hardie D, Galbo H, Kiens B (2006). "Sex differences in hormone-sensitive lipase expression, activity, and phosphorylation in skeletal muscle at rest and during exercise". Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 291 (5): E1106–14. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1152/ajpendo.00097.2006. PMID A PMID is a unique number assigned to each PubMed citation of life sciences and biomedical scientific journal articles. The related Pubmed Central archive may additionally assign a separate number, a PMCID (PubMed Central Identifier), normally written with a PMC prefix 16822962.
Categories: Musculoskeletal system |
